IoT Based Net Metering System ! PV Grid Net Metering System

IoT Based Net Metering System (PV Grid Net Metering System)

The IoT Based Net Metering System is a smart energy monitoring and management project designed to demonstrate how electricity generated from a solar photovoltaic (PV) system can be efficiently monitored, consumed, and exchanged with the utility grid. This system measures both imported energy (from the grid) and exported energy (to the grid) in real time and displays the data locally as well as remotely through an IoT platform.

System Overview

The setup consists of a compact experimental board mounted on a white background, integrating solar generation, electrical loads, sensing units, control electronics, and communication modules. A small solar panel acts as the renewable energy source, while AC bulbs represent household electrical loads. The system intelligently calculates net energy usage based on generation and consumption.

Working Principle

• When solar power generation is greater than load consumption, excess energy is exported to the grid.

• When load demand is higher than solar generation, power is imported from the grid.

• The system continuously measures voltage, current, power, and energy flow direction.

• Net energy (import/export) is calculated and logged automatically.

• All important parameters are displayed on an LCD screen and uploaded to an IoT dashboard for remote monitoring.

Major Components

• Solar Panel – Generates DC power from sunlight

• AC Load (Bulbs) – Represents household electrical appliances

• Microcontroller (Arduino / ESP-based) – Core control and data processing unit

• Current & Voltage Sensors – Measure real-time electrical parameters

• Energy Metering Circuit – Calculates energy consumption and export

• LCD Display – Shows live system status and readings

• Battery Pack – Provides backup power for uninterrupted operation

• IoT Module (Wi-Fi) – Sends data to cloud or mobile application

• Power Supply Unit – Regulates voltage for system components

Displayed Parameters

• Import Current (Grid to Load)

• Export Current (Solar to Grid)

• Total Energy Generated

• Total Energy Consumed

• Net Energy Balance

• Estimated Energy Cost or Savings

Features

• Real-time energy monitoring

• Automatic import/export detection

• Cloud-based data logging

• Remote access via mobile or web

• Low-cost and compact design

• Suitable for educational and demonstration purposes

Applications

• Smart homes and buildings

• Solar energy monitoring systems

• Educational labs and engineering projects

• Research on renewable energy integration

• Utility-scale net metering concept demonstration

Conclusion

The IoT Based Net Metering System provides an efficient and intelligent solution for monitoring solar power utilization and grid interaction. By combining renewable energy with IoT technology, the system promotes energy efficiency, transparency, and smart energy management, making it highly suitable for academic projects and real-world smart grid applications.